Biography
| Matter Fields | Force Fields | Forces |
| leptons | photons | electromagnetism |
| electron | gluons | strong |
| muon | w+, w-, z | weak |
| tau | graviton (this particle has not yet been experimentally detected) | gravity |
| neutrons | ||
| quarks |
She discussed the various types
of quarks. The up and down quarks make up protons. Quarks are
paired together in up and down, charm and strange, and top and bottom.
Nutrinos are also paired together into three sets ve and e-,
vm and m-, and vt and t-. It is theorized that
there can't be any more than these three pairs because then the mass would
cause the universe to collapse back down.
Dr. Springer
discussed the usefulness of atom smashing to discover substructure and
look for energy distribution. She used the analogy of throwing a
hair band versus a tennis ball against a wall. The tennis ball bounces
back further and the bounce varies more with the force of the throw than
the return bounce of the hair band. Particle physics applies to society in that understanding the interactions of particles might eventually lead to an overall theory of everything, a theory that would explain the universe. This is of interest to any people who wonder about the origin of the cosmos and our own existence. To read more about new discoveries in particle physics relating to the universe
and about particle physics in general, visit the website of the Fermi Lab by clicking here. For more information about Dr. Springer's research, click here.
by: Elena Edelman and Jenna Vanliere